Carbon monoxide (CO) is a by-product of combustion which, if inhaled, attaches itself to haemoglobin much more readily than oxygen (O2) and it's because of this that the brain is starved of oxygen and eventually death occurs.

CO is especially dangerous because it is an odourless and colourless gas. It can be introduced to the cockpit either through a leak in the aircraft's heater or cigarette smoke.

After exposure to CO poisoning it may take a number of days to fully recover.
Symptoms Headaches, dizziness and nausea

Stratiform clouds are associated with a warm front. The cloud types also suggest an ever lowering cloud base.

Fog is essentially cloud at ground level.

- Radiation fog: Forms after a clear night, light winds and relatively high humidity, as the earth’s surface cools it cools the air just above it until it reaches 100% humidity.

- Advection fog: Forms when moist air flows over a cooler surface.

- Frontal fog: is formed when warm raindrops evaporate into cooler drier air near the surface, it usually occurs in advance of warm or occluded fronts.

- Orographic fog: Emerges if humid and almost saturated air is forced by a prevailing wind to rise upslope of hills or shallow mountains.

METAR = Stands for "Meteorological Aerodrome Report" and is a report of current conditions.
NOSIG = No significant change expected within the next two hours.

BR = Mist
HZ = Haze
GR = Hail
SN = Snow
GS = Snow Pellets
CB = Cumulonimbus
BKN = Broken (cloud)
OVC = Overcast
SCT = Scattered (cloud)
FEW = Few (clouds)
FU = Smoke
VRB = Variable (wind)
CAVOK = Ceiling and visibility OK

(OCNL Severe icing NE)

Ensure you know your symbols and codes. They may not always be in colour.

Windshear & Microbursts
Wind shear can be defined as a sudden change in wind velocity and/or direction over a short distance. These changes in wind speed and direction can create significant turbulence and pose a threat to aircraft.

Virga, Thunderstorms, Fronts, roll cloud and inversions are all signs of possible windshear which is usually associated with: jet streams, mountain waves or inversion layers, frontal surfaces, thunderstorms and convective clouds or microbursts, occurring close to the ground.

Virga refers to precipitation that falls from clouds but evaporates before it reaches the ground. While virga itself does not necessarily indicate the presence of wind shear, it can be a sign of atmospheric instability, which can create conditions conducive to wind shear.

When a pilot wishes to transmit for test purposes he requests a "radio check", or asks "How do you read?"
The response to his request will be in number format and will have the associated meaning.

To signal ready for take-off: "Ready for departure"

Light signals from a ground ATSU differ depending on whether they are to an aircraft on the ground or an aircraft in flight.

We believe this question, which was submitted with ambiguous language is asking you to identify the fact that in class D airspace separation is not the responsibility of ATC between VFR and IFR Aircraft, (only traffic information is provided, not separation) it does not indicate which aircraft would be responsible, we would go with VFR.

Class D.
IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are provided with air traffic control service, IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights, VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights.

When using the QNH pressure setting, vertical position should be expressed as altitude.
When using the QFE pressure setting, the vertical displacement above the airfield is communicated as height.
When using standard pressure setting 1013.25hpa vertical position is communicated in flight levels.

Clouds are usually divided into 3 levels according to the part of the atmosphere they are found.

High clouds (CH) Base usually 20,000 ft or above
Cirrus, Cirrocumulus, Cirrostratus

Medium clouds (CM) Base usually between 6,500 and 20,000 ft.
Altocumulus, Altostratus, Nimbostratus

Low clouds (CL) Base usually below 6,500 ft over British Isles.
Stratocumulus, Stratus, Cumulus, Cumulonimbus

Cloud names are usually combinations of the following prefixes or suffixes:

Stratus/strato: flat/layered and smooth
Alto: Medium level
Cumulus/cumulo: heaped up/puffy, like cauliflower
Cirrus/cirro: High up/wispy
Nimbus/Nimbo: meaning ‘Rain-bearing’

Vertical development of Cumulus clouds into rain showers is called "over-development."

Distress
Distress is defined as a condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance.
The international Aeronautical VHF Distress Frequency is 121.50 MHz.
Initial distress messages should be broadcast on the current frequency.

Emergency messages shall contain:
(time and circumstance permitting) and, whenever possible, should be passed
in the order given:

1. ‘MAYDAY/MAYDAY/MAYDAY’ (or ‘PAN PAN/PAN PAN/PAN PAN’);
2. Name of the station addressed (when appropriate and time and
circumstances permitting);
3. Callsign;
4. Type of aircraft;
5. Nature of the emergency;
6. Intention of the person-in-command;
7. Present or last known position, flight level/altitude and heading;
8. Pilot qualifications:
9. Any other useful information e.g. endurance remaining, number of
people on board (POB), aircraft colour/markings, any survival aids.

There is no ICAO requirement to include pilot qualifications in a
distress message. However, this information should be included
whenever possible in UK emergency messages as it may help the
controller to plan a course of action best suited to the pilot’s ability.

Solo student pilots shall prefix the aircraft callsign with ‘STUDENT’,
e.g. ‘MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY STUDENT G-ABCD … ‘ to indicate
their lack of experience.

This question is solved using the 1-in-60 Rule.

After 20 nautical miles, we determine that we are 4nm off track.

(4 x 60) ÷ 20 = 12  *or 4 in 20 is equivalent to 12 in 60

Therefore our track error (TE) is 12°.

We wish to correct the error in 10 nautical miles.

(4 x 60) ÷ 10 = 24  *or 4 in 10 is equivalent to 24 in 60

Therefore our correction angle (CA) is 24°.

12° (TE) + 24° (CA) = 36°

As the question states that we are to the right of the desired track our correction must be to the left.

The question states that the magnetic heading is 130°.

130° - 36° = 94°